paan and fern

Paan or pan is a preparation of betel leaves and other ingredients which is chewed as a stimulant. It's quite buzzy. It also stains your mouth red.



Hindi पान pān is from Sanskrit पर्ण parṇa "feather, leaf" (OED) from PIE *por-no- "that which carries a bird in flight" (possibly). From the same PIE form is English fern, so called because it has feathery fronds.

*por-no- is a suffixed o-grade form of *per- "lead, pass over".

hoosegow and judge

Hoosegow, an American word for prison, is borrowed from South American or Mexican Spanish juzgao, from Spanish juzgado "tribunal". This is from Latin iūdicātum/iūdicāre "to judge". This and the related iūdex/iūdicem "right, law" are from PIE *i̯eu̯es-deiḱ- - from *i̯eu̯es- "law" and *deiḱ- "to show".

iūdicem became French juge, borrowed into English as judge.